History of Anabolic/Androgenic Steroids

The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) by athletes to enhance their athletic performance has been reported since the 1950s Androgen use has spread to different groups of athletes, who use these drugs for various reasons. The common thread among all these groups, however,is the goal of enhancing muscular capacities and athletic performance and being successful (winning). Androgen use by weightlifters in order to enhance strength and thereby perform better in an event in which there is a direct correlation between strength and success is well known.

Bodybuilders, who are judged on muscle size, shape, definition, and symmetry,also see a direct correlation between the use of androgens and success in their activity. The throwers in track and field (hammer, shot put, discus,and javelin) are another group in which the use of androgens is frequently reported. Strength is a key factor in the ability to project a hammer, shot, discus, or javelin further than the competition.In collision sports such as football, in which the lean body mass and strength as well as the ability to efficiently repair "collision damage" are significant factors in the ability to succeed, players would benefit from the use of androgens in order to maximize their gains in these areas. This is especially true at Division I college and professional levels. At these levels, there is the greatest fame and financial reward; there are also more competitors for fewer positions.

In addition to these groups in which the use of androgens has been suspected and fairly well documented, other groups use androgens to allow frequent high-intensity work. Through these increases in the amount and intensity of training,performance is enhanced. These include the sprinters, middle- and long distance runners in track, and swimmers who do not wish to gain lean body mass and in whom strength is not as great a factor. However, these athletes can be more successful if they can sustain training at a higher intensity level, over a longer period of time, or both.

Physical appearance has attained an important place in the present-day society. Self-esteem may be directly related to the size, shape, and attractiveness of one's body. To overcome genetic limitations or to speed the process of "bulking up," many individuals who are not involved in competitive athletics have become users of androgens. These "look-gooders" don't have a single competitive event or finite athletic career as their goal,but aim to overcome physical, psychological, emotional, and social limitations-especially low self-esteem. These are long-term problems being controlled or treated by physical conditioning with chemical enhancement; this method does not solve these problems, but compounds them.

The benefits that are desired by individuals who use androgens therefore include:

  • alteration of body composition (increased lean mass and reduced fat);
  • increase in strength;
  • increase in endurance;
  • hastened recovery from exercise (ability to perform more frequent or higher intensity workouts);
  • enhancement of athletic performance.

The question that needs to be answered is "Do androgens give the benefits desired by these individuals who take them?" There are two sources of information on this question. One is the scientific literature, both animal and human studies; the other is anecdotal evidence given by the athletes and users. It is important that scientists base their knowledge on accurate data. Scientifically, the literature is extremely confusing and contradictory.

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